*************References in C++******************

When a variable is declared as reference, it becomes an alternative name for an existing variable. A variable can be declared as reference by putting ‘&’ in the declaration.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
int x = 10;

// ref is a reference to x.
int& ref = x;

// Value of x is now changed to 20
ref = 20;
cout << "x = " << x << endl ;

// Value of x is now changed to 30
x = 30;
cout << "ref = " << ref << endl ;

return 0;
}
Output:

x = 20
ref = 30
Following is one more example that uses references to swap two variables.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

void swap (int& first, int& second)
{
int temp = first;
first = second;
second = temp;
}

int main()
{
int a = 2, b = 3;
swap( a, b );
cout << a << " " << b;
return 0;
}
Output:

3 2 

References vs Pointers
Both references and pointers can be used to change local variables of one function inside another function. Both of them can also be used to save copying of big objects when passed as arguments to functions or returned from functions, to get efficiency gain.
Despite above similarities, there are following differences between references and pointers.

References are less powerful than pointers
1) Once a reference is created, it cannot be later made to reference another object; it cannot be reseated. This is often done with pointers.
2) References cannot be NULL. Pointers are often made NULL to indicate that they are not pointing to any valid thing.
3) A reference must be initialized when declared. There is no such restriction with pointers

Due to the above limitations, references in C++ cannot be used for implementing data structures like Linked List, Tree, etc. In Java, references don’t have above restrictions, and can be used to implement all data structures. References being more powerful in Java, is the main reason Java doesn’t need pointers.

References are safer and easier to use:
1) Safer: Since references must be initialized, wild references like wild pointers are unlikely to exist. It is still possible to have references that don’t refer to a valid location (See questions 5 and 6 in the below exercise )
2) Easier to use: References don’t need dereferencing operator to access the value. They can be used like normal variables. ‘&’ operator is needed only at the time of declaration. Also, members of an object reference can be accessed with dot operator (‘.’), unlike pointers where arrow operator (->) is needed to access members.

Together with the above reasons, there are few places like copy constructor argument where pointer cannot be used. Reference must be used pass the argument in copy constructor. Similarly references must be used for overloading some operators like ++.